While the world has seen much progress in economic growth and poverty reduction over the last few decades, the persistence of extreme poverty and its increased concentration in specific places has stimulated renewed interest in the processes of economic development and the possibility of poverty traps. This volume, based on papers first presented at an NBER conference in June 2016, draws together an outstanding collection of new studies of the dynamic, stochastic processes by which households accumulate assets and increase their productivity and earnings potential, as well as the conditions under which some individuals, groups, and economies struggle to escape poverty, and when and why adverse shocks have persistent welfare consequences. Poverty traps may arise when poverty becomes self-reinforcing because the poor's equilibrium behaviors perpetuate low standards of living. The poverty traps hypothesis carries especially important implications for the design and evaluation of policies and projects intended to reduce poverty. The chapters in this volume extend and integrate the range of the mechanisms hypothesized to generate poverty traps, including feedback loops between poverty and mental health, aspirations and preferences. The chapters link the relevant theory to empirics, and offer new empirical evidence that highlights both the insights and the limits of a poverty traps lens on the contemporary policy commitment to achieve zero extreme poverty worldwide by 2030.

Human Capital and Shocks: Evidence on Education, Health, and Nutrition /Elizabeth Frankenberg, duncan Thomas -- Poverty and Cognitive Function / Emma Boswell Dean, Frank Schilbach, Heather Schofield -- Comment on chapters 1 and 2 / John Hoddinott -- Depression through the Lens of Economics: A Research Agenda / Jonathan de Quidt, Johannes Haushofer -- Hope as Aspirations, Agency, and Pathways: Poverty Dynamics and Microfinance in Oaxaca, Mexico / Travis J. Lybbert, Bruce Wydick -- Comment on chapters 3 and 4 / Rachid Laajaj -- Taking Stock of the Evidence on Microfinancial Interventions / Francisco J. Buera, Joseph P. Kaboski, Youngseok Shin -- Poverty Traps and the Social Protection Paradox / Munenobu Kiegami, Michael R. Carter, Christopher B. Barrett, Sarah Janzen -- Comment on chapters 5 and 6 / Stephen C. Smith -- Heterogeneous Wealth Dynamics: On the Roles of Risk and Ability / Paulo Santos, Christopher B. Barrett -- Agroecosystem Productivity and the Dynamic Response to Shocks / Jean-Paul chavas -- Comment on chapters 7 and 8 / Edward B. Barbier -- Sustaining Impacts When Transfers End: Women Leaders, Aspirations, and Investments in Children / Karen Macours, Renos Vakis -- Can Cash Transfers Help Households Escape an Inter generational Poverty Trap? / M. Caridad Araujo, Mariano Bosch, Norbert Schady -- Comment on chapters 9 and 10 / Maitreesh Ghatak.